CWE-806 使用源缓冲区的大小访问缓冲区
Buffer Access Using Size of Source Buffer
结构: Simple
Abstraction: Variant
状态: Incomplete
被利用可能性: unkown
基本描述
The software uses the size of a source buffer when reading from or writing to a destination buffer, which may cause it to access memory that is outside of the bounds of the buffer.
扩展描述
When the size of the destination is smaller than the size of the source, a buffer overflow could occur.
相关缺陷
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cwe_Nature: ChildOf cwe_CWE_ID: 805 cwe_View_ID: 1000 cwe_Ordinal: Primary
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cwe_Nature: ChildOf cwe_CWE_ID: 805 cwe_View_ID: 699 cwe_Ordinal: Primary
适用平台
Language: [{'cwe_Name': 'C', 'cwe_Prevalence': 'Sometimes'}, {'cwe_Name': 'C++', 'cwe_Prevalence': 'Sometimes'}]
常见的影响
| 范围 | 影响 | 注释 |
|---|---|---|
| Availability | ['DoS: Crash, Exit, or Restart', 'DoS: Resource Consumption (CPU)'] | Buffer overflows generally lead to crashes. Other attacks leading to lack of availability are possible, including putting the program into an infinite loop. |
| ['Integrity', 'Confidentiality', 'Availability'] | Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands | Buffer overflows often can be used to execute arbitrary code, which is usually outside the scope of a program's implicit security policy. |
| Access Control | Bypass Protection Mechanism | When the consequence is arbitrary code execution, this can often be used to subvert any other security service. |
可能的缓解方案
Architecture and Design
策略:
Use an abstraction library to abstract away risky APIs. Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Viega, and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft. This is not a complete solution, since many buffer overflows are not related to strings.
Build and Compilation
策略:
Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include StackGuard, ProPolice and the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag. This is not necessarily a complete solution, since these canary-based mechanisms only detect certain types of overflows. In addition, the result is still a denial of service, since the typical response is to exit the application.
Implementation
策略:
Programmers should adhere to the following rules when allocating and managing their applications memory: Double check that your buffer is as large as you specify. When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string. Check buffer boundaries if calling this function in a loop and make sure you are not in danger of writing past the allocated space. Truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions
MIT-11 Operation
策略: Environment Hardening
Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code. Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64].
MIT-12 Operation
策略: Environment Hardening
Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (NX) or its equivalent [REF-60] [REF-61].
['Build and Compilation', 'Operation']
策略:
Most mitigating technologies at the compiler or OS level to date address only a subset of buffer overflow problems and rarely provide complete protection against even that subset. It is good practice to implement strategies to increase the workload of an attacker, such as leaving the attacker to guess an unknown value that changes every program execution.
示例代码
例
In the following example, the source character string is copied to the dest character string using the method strncpy.
bad C
char source[21] = "the character string";
char dest[12];
strncpy(dest, source, sizeof(source)-1);
...
However, in the call to strncpy the source character string is used within the sizeof call to determine the number of characters to copy. This will create a buffer overflow as the size of the source character string is greater than the dest character string. The dest character string should be used within the sizeof call to ensure that the correct number of characters are copied, as shown below.
good C
char source[21] = "the character string";
char dest[12];
strncpy(dest, source, sizeof(dest)-1);
...
例
In this example, the method outputFilenameToLog outputs a filename to a log file. The method arguments include a pointer to a character string containing the file name and an integer for the number of characters in the string. The filename is copied to a buffer where the buffer size is set to a maximum size for inputs to the log file. The method then calls another method to save the contents of the buffer to the log file.
bad C
// saves the file name to a log file
int outputFilenameToLog(char *filename, int length) {
// buffer with size set to maximum size for input to log file
char buf[LOG_INPUT_SIZE];
// copy filename to buffer
strncpy(buf, filename, length);
// save to log file
success = saveToLogFile(buf);
return success;
However, in this case the string copy method, strncpy, mistakenly uses the length method argument to determine the number of characters to copy rather than using the size of the local character string, buf. This can lead to a buffer overflow if the number of characters contained in character string pointed to by filename is larger then the number of characters allowed for the local character string. The string copy method should use the buf character string within a sizeof call to ensure that only characters up to the size of the buf array are copied to avoid a buffer overflow, as shown below.
good C
// copy filename to buffer
strncpy(buf, filename, sizeof(buf)-1);
...